Assessing agronomic performance, chocolate spot resistance, and heat tolerance for diverse Vicia faba genotypes under varying environmental conditions

Chocolate spot and heat stress devastatingly impact the production of faba bean, particularly under prevailing climatic changes and rising drastic environmental conditions. Hence, the adaptability of faba bean performance is a decisive objective of plant breeders to ensure its sustainable production. The present study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and stability of diverse eleven faba bean genotypes for yield characters, chocolate spot, and heat stress in eight different growing environments. The faba bean genotypes were evaluated at two sowing dates in two different locations during two growing seasons. The evaluated eleven faba bean genotypes were sown timely in autumn (25 October) and late sowing in early winter (25 November) in Bilbeis and Elkhatara during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. The results exhibited substantial differences among the evaluated sowing dates, locations, and faba bean genotypes for all studied characters. The genotypes Sakha-3, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-5, Misr-3, and Wadi-1 were able to produce acceptable yield and quality characters under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter in all tested environments. Moreover, the genotypes Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Nubaria-5, Sakha-4, Giza-3, and Triple White exhibited better resistance to chocolate spot. The assessed faba bean genotypes were evaluated under late sowing to expose the plants to high temperature stress at flowering and throughout the anthesis and seed-filling stages. The genotypes Nubaria-5, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Sakha-3, Sakha-4, Wadi-1, and Misr-3 possessed tolerance to heat stress more than the other genotypes. Different statistical methods were applied to study the stability of assessed genotypes such as joint regression, Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis, AMMI stability value, Wricke's and Ecovalence values. The estimated stability parameters were consistent in depicting the stability of the assessed faba bean genotypes. The findings revealed that Sakha-1, Misr-3, Nubaria-4, and Nubaria-5 demonstrated stable and desirable performance across all tested environments. The heatmap was employed to classify the assessed faba bean genotypes into different groups based on agronomic performance, chocolate spot resistance and heat stress tolerance. Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Nubaria-5, and Misr-3 had the best performance for agronomic performance, chocolate spot resistance, and heat stress tolerance. The obtained results provide evidence of employing promising faba bean genotypes for improving the stability of agronomic performance, chocolate spot resistance, and heat stress tolerance in breeding programs principally under unprecedented climate fluctuations.

of about 7.7 × 10 6 tons 5 .Egypt is presented in these values by 74 × 10 3 ha produces 296 × 10 3 tons.Although faba bean production is decreased annually and the percentage of self-sufficiency is declined 6 .Besides, its production faces great restrictions due to the deleterious impacts of abrupt climate fluctuations and population growth 7,8 .Accordingly, enhancing faba bean production has become an irreplaceable demand to diminish the gap between local consumption and production to enhance global food security.
Biotic and environmental stresses including chocolate spot and high temperature cause devastating influences on faba bean production in particular under the current climate crisis 9,10 .Chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae is a common fungal infection in different regions worldwide that generates substantial devastation in faba bean growth resulting in considerable production loss 11,12 .Therefore, faba bean breeders focus on identifying resistant genotypes to maintain acceptable productivity and sustain its production 13 .Moreover, it is expected to increase the negative impacts of chocolate spot under current fluctuations of climate variables especially relative humidity, and minimum and maximum temperatures 14 .Besides, the climatic extremes involving high temperatures are expected to increase and destructively impact faba bean productivity 15 .In addition, high temperatures considerably affect physio-biochemical and anatomical parameters in plants, ultimately damaging plant growth and productivity 16 .Substantially, heat stress has a drastic influence on faba bean plants at any growth stage from germination to the reproductive stage 17,18 .However, high temperatures at the reproductive stage are more threatening since they have a greater effect on productivity 9 .Heat stress at critical stages such as flowering, anthesis, and seed filling causes substantial yield reduction in faba bean due to deleterious impacts on pollen germination, growth, elongation, seed setting, and seed filling 19 .
The variability in soil and climate conditions significantly impacts faba bean production, particularly under prevailing climatic changes 20 .This variability introduces a complex challenge for faba bean breeders due to the genotype by environment interaction (G × E), which is pivotal in determining plant performance across diverse environments [21][22][23][24][25] .Consequently, faba bean breeders frequently study the genotype through environmental interaction across different environments to examine the stability of available plant material 26 .Several statistical models e.g., AMMI biplot, regression slope (b i ), deviation from linear regression (S 2 d i ), and Wricke's Ecovalence (WE) are employed to analyze G × E, aiding in the identification of broadly adaptable genotypes or those tailored explicitly to specific environments [27][28][29] .Considering the genetic basis of the adaptability enhances breeding attempts in developing newly resilient and desired faba bean genotypes under global climate variations 22,30 .Hence, the present study aimed at exploring the adaptability of diverse faba bean genotypes in agronomic performance, chocolate spot resistance, and heat resilience under a Mediterranean environment using different statistical analyses.

Analysis of variance
The combined analysis of variance exhibited significant effects for environments (E), genotypes (G) and their interaction (G × E) as presented in Table 1.The studied environments displayed the largest proportion of sum of squares for number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant, seed yield, and aboveground biomass followed by genotypic and interaction effects.Otherwise, the assessed genotypes possessed the largest proportion for 100-seed weight and chocolate spot resistance followed by environmental and interaction effects.While the G × E interaction exhibited the largest proportion of protein content followed by environmental and genotypic effects.Sowing date and tested locations presented the largest proportion of the environmental variation for most studied characters.The genotype by environment interaction (G × E) was significant for all evaluated characters.Moreover, the two-way and three-way interactions among genotype, sowing date, and location were significant for all characters except protein content and chocolate spot resistance.

Genotypic classification based on agronomic performance Chocolate spot resistance and heat tolerance.
Yield traits, chocolate spot resistance, and heat tolerance indices were used to categorize the assessed genotypes into different groups based on their performance.The genotypes were clustered utilizing hierarchical clustering into five groups according to yield characters (Fig. 2A).Group A consisted of two genotypes with the greatest yield character values.Groups B, C, and D comprised genotypes that recorded intermediate levels of yield characters. Group E included one genotype with the lowest yield characters.Based on the chocolate spot resistance, the genotypes assessed were differentiated into three clusters (Fig. 2B).Group A contained six genotypes with the highest resistance to chocolate spot.Otherwise, groups B and C included four genotypes and one genotype with intermediate and low resistance to chocolate spot, respectively.Heat tolerance indices (STI and YI) were employed to separate the assessed genotypes into sensitive and tolerant genotypes (Fig. 2C).Four groups were recognized by applying hierarchical clustering.Group A contained seven genotypes that recorded the superior values of tolerance indices STI and YI.Groups B and C comprised one and two genotypes with intermediate values while group D contained one genotype with the minimal values of tolerance indices.

Seed yield stability
Different statistical analyses were applied to study the state of environmental impact on the assessed genotypes.regression slope (bi), deviation from linear regression (S2di), AMMI Stability value (ASV), and Wricke's Ecovalence (WE) were employed to study genotype stability.Furthermore, the AMMI model was applied due to its effectiveness in graphically recognizing the genotype through environmental interaction.The phenotypic stability revealed that the regression coefficient (bi) for seed yield of assessed faba bean genotypes varied from 0.61 (Triple White) to 1.33 (Sakha-3), exhibiting the genetic variability among the assessed genotypes in their regression response for seed yield (Table 6).The values of regression slope (b i ) were greater than the unity in genotypes Sakha-3, Giza-3, Giza-843, and Sakha-1, implying their suitability for favorable environments.On the other hand, the regression values (b i ) were less than unity in Sakha-4, Triple White, and Nubaria-4 suggesting their suitability for unfavorable environments.Whereas the genotypes Nubaria-3, Misr-3, Nubaria-5, Wadi-1 and Sakha-1, displayed b i values approached near the unity indicating their suitability to be grown under a wide range of environments.Moreover, Sakha-1, Misr-3, Nubaria-4, and Nubaria-5 displayed the lowest deviations from regression (S 2 d i ) for seed yield.Nubaria-5, Misr-3, Nubaria-4, and Sakha-1 displayed the lowest ASV which is the most desired.On the contrary, the other genotypes possessed higher values of ASV and hence more responsive.Sakha-1, Misr-3, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, and Nubaria-5 exhibited Wricke's ecovalence (WE) minimum values.The assessed genotypes displayed diverse PCA scores and hence diverse G × E performance.AMMI1 biplot for seed yield against scores of first principal component (PC1) was performed to represent the effect of genotypes and environments and stability (Fig. 3).The genotypes closer to zero on the PC1 axis indicated a minor contribution to G × E interaction than those further away.The genotypes Nubaria-3, Nubaria-5, Nubaria-4, Sakha-1, and Misr-3 showed high yields and good stability, while Triple White had low seed yield and Sakha-3 was unstable.Besides, the AMMI2 biplot for the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) was utilized to present the genotype by environment interaction (Fig. 4).The genotypes Nubaria-5, Nubaria-4, and Sakha-1 exhibited minimum PCAs values and were close to the origin of the AMMI biplot.Thus, these genotypes were more stable due to lower G × E interaction (Fig. 4).Otherwise, the genotypes Triple White, Sakha-3, and Giza-3 were situated far from the origin and hence had higher G × E interaction.The studied environments impacted different magnitudes in seed yield deviation.The environments E5 and E7 were the most separating environments, proved substantial contributions to G × E, and were situated away from the origin (Fig. 4).www.nature.com/scientificreports/

Interrelationships among assessed genotypes and studied characters
Principal component analysis was performed to explore the relationship among the assessed faba bean genotypes and studied characters (Fig. 5A).The first two PCs explained 77.83% of the variability.PC1 exhibited 53.38% of the variation and was related to agronomic performance of the evaluated genotypes.PC1 divided the genotypes based on their agronomic performance.High yielding genotypes were located on the positive side, but the lowest performance one was situated on the extremely negative side.The genotypes Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Nubaria-5, and Misr-3 were located on the positive side of PC1 and associated with agronomic characters, chocolate spot resistance, and heat tolerance indices.All agronomic characters were positively correlated with these genotypes except for number of pods/plant.This was due to the highest number of pods being assigned for the lowest genotype in agronomic performance, Triple-White.PC2 exhibited 24.45% of the variation and appeared to correspond with the stability performance of tested genotypes.The genotypes were dissimilar, with diverse multidimensional spaces and plots of different distances from bottom to top.The genotypes with low deviation from linear regression (S2di), AMMI Stability value (ASV) and Wricke's Ecovalence (WE) indicating low genotype by environment interaction were located on the opposite side to these parameters (Sakha-1, Misr-3, and Giza-3).Otherwise, genotypes with high values and high genotypes by environment interaction were situated close to these genotypes (Sakha-3 and Sakha4).Moreover, the heatmap based on the studied characters separated the assessed faba bean genotypes into different clusters (Fig. 5B).The genotypes Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Nubaria-5, and Misr-3 displayed superior values for agronomic and quality characters as well as chocolate spot resistance and heat tolerance indices.Besides, these genotypes exhibited the lowest and desired values for stability parameters.

Discussion
Studying genotypes through environmental interaction assists in translating the results of field trials into beneficial information for plant breeders, particularly under current climate variability.It reflects complex phenotypic responses of different combinations of genotypes, locations, years, agricultural management, and environmental factors and their impact on crop growth, productivity, and seed quality 31,32 .The present study was proposed to assess the adaptability in terms of agronomic performance, seed quality, chocolate spot resistance, and heat tolerance of diverse faba bean genotypes to timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter under two different pedoclimatic locations during two growing seasons.The combinations of different locations, growing seasons, and sowing dates resulted in eight different growing environments with different environmental conditions.The agronomic and quality genes of assessed genotypes were highly impacted by the tested combinations of sowing dates, locations, and growing seasons.This was due to the environmental conditions' variation and their interaction with evaluated genotypes.Appropriately, the environmental effect demonstrated the largest proportion of sum of squares for most of the studied agronomic characters.Indeed, sowing dates and locations exhibited the largest proportion of the environmental variation for studied characters.Several previously published reports deduced that environmental factors are the main considerations affecting faba bean seed yield [32][33][34] .In this context, Sellami et al. 31 examined the effects of sowing date on yield and yield components of Vicia faba genotypes, highlighting how these factors contribute significantly to the variation in seed yield and quality traits under Mediterranean field conditions .Besides, Greveniotis et al. 29 extensively evaluated faba beans across multiple locations to assess the influence of G × EI on quantitative and qualitative traits.By employing AMMI biplot model alongside stability indices, this study elucidated the relationship between various ecosystems and faba bean genotypes.It aimed to identify genotypes that offer stable performance across different environments, which is critical for optimizing faba bean production under varying climatic conditions .Moreover, Papastylianou www.nature.com/scientificreports/et al. 22 highlighted the significant impact of environmental factors on biomass yield, seed yield, plant height, and earliness traits, demonstrating the critical role of G × EI in faba bean breeding and cultivation.This work is relevant for understanding the complexities of adapting faba bean cultivation to varying environmental conditions, thereby informing breeding programs to enhance resilience and productivity .Highly significant differences were detected among the assessed genotypes in all evaluated characters, implying genetic variability.All evaluated genotypes produced higher agronomic characters under timely sowing in autumn compared to late sowing in early winter.This was maybe due to the appropriateness of the environmental conditions for the development and growth of faba beans at timely sowing in autumn compared to late sowing in early winter 23,35 .The sowing date regulates available climate variables for the grown plans as precipitation amount, intercepted solar radiation, and exposed temperatures at different plant stages 36,37 .The plants grown in timely sowing in autumn received more precipitation during an extended growing period and were subjected to appropriate solar radiation and lower temperatures compared to late sowing in early winter.Moreover, the reduction of agronomic performance in late sowing could be due to the short maturity period and duration of seed filling, poor plant growth, and reduced seed components.Furthermore, the grown plants in late sowing were exposed to high temperatures at critical stages such as flowering, anthesis, and seed filling which causes adverse impacts on pollen germination, growth, and elongation as well as seed setting and seed filling.In this respect, López-Bellido, et al. 38 ; Confalone et al. 37 and Sellami et al. 31 elucidated that yield components greatly depend on temperature, particularly during the reproductive stage.The detected substantial G × E interaction for all considered characters revealed that faba bean genotypes contrasted significantly in their response to the environmental variations.In all tested environments, the genotypes Sakha-3, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-5, Misr-3, and Wadi-1 recorded acceptable agronomic and quality characters under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter.
The assessed genotypes exhibited a wide range of chocolate spot resistance.The genotypes were clustered into different groups based on their resistance to chocolate spot.The results revealed that Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Nubaria-5, Sakha-4, Giza-3, and Triple White provided better resistance under all studied environments compared to the remaining genotypes.Otherwise, Giza-843, Misr-3, Sakha-1, Sakha-3, and Wadi-1 had lower levels of resistance and were susceptible to chocolate spot infection.Similarly, Bouhassan et al. 11 ; Beyene et al. 13 ; Tekalign, et al. 39 ; Waly, et al. 40 , and Heiba, et al. 41 depicted highly significant variations in chocolate spot resistance evaluated in faba bean genotypes.Sowing date considerably affects available climate variables that significantly impact chocolate spot resistance.In general, late sowing recorded higher chocolate spot infection compared to early sowing by providing favorable relative humidity and temperature that are suitable for infection 42 .
Heat stress at critical stages such as flowering and throughout anthesis causes considerable yield reduction due to devastating effects on pollen fertility and seed filling 43,44 .The agronomic performance of faba bean is adversely impacted across altered sowing dates due to heat stress at these critical stages 17,23 .Hence, adapted, and high-yielding genotypes should be assessed for their stability in different sowing dates at different locations in particular under current global warming.Heat tolerant genotypes diminish the deleterious impacts of heat stress at critical stages of flowering and anthesis stages and maintain acceptable crop productivity and quality 18,45 .The faba bean genotypes were evaluated under late sowing to expose the plants to high-temperature stress at flowering and throughout the anthesis and seed-filling stages.Two tolerance indices were applied to distinguish the resilient genotypes and sensitive ones.The results exhibited that Nubaria-5, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Sakha-3, Sakha-4, Wadi-1, and Misr-3 possessed heat tolerance more than the other genotypes.On the other hand, Triple White, Giza-3, and Giza-843 recorded minimum values of STI and YI indicating their sensitivity to high Nubaria-3 3.67 3.67 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.67 3.00 3.00 3.25 Nubaria-4 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Nubaria-5 3.00 3.67 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.67 3.00 3.00 3.17 Sakha-1 3.00 5.00 3.00 4.00 3.67 5.00 3.00 4. 33  www.nature.com/scientificreports/temperatures.Likewise, Lavania et al. 9 ,Manning et al. 23 ,Sallam, et al. 46 disclosed substantial differences among faba bean genotypes were assessed under altered sowing dates conditions.Studying seed yield stability across diverse environments is fundamental for improving faba bean production.Different statistical analyses were applied to study the stability of assessed genotypes such as joint regression, AMMI stability value Wricke's Ecovalence values and AMMI analysis.The employed stability parameters were relatively analogous in describing the stability of the assessed faba bean genotypes.Sakha-1, Misr-3, Nubaria-4, and Nubaria-5 had stable and desirable performance across all tested environments.These genotypes could be exploited in faba bean breeding programs to improve seed yield stability, mainly under prevailing climatic changes and rising drastic environmental conditions 32,47 .

Plant materials and experimental sites
Eleven faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes were evaluated in the present study.The genotypes studied with a wide range of diverse genetic materials for agronomic performance were selected for the study.The chosen genotypes represent a mix of commercially adapted varieties and exotic genotypes with diverse genetic backgrounds, as illustrated in Table S1.The genotypes used in this study were obtained from the Legumes Research Department, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.These genotypes complied with national, international, and institutional legislation and guidelines.The genotypes were evaluated at two varied locations in Egypt; Bilbeis, and Elkhatara during two growing seasons (2020-21 and 2021-22).The trials were sown timely (25 October) and lately (25 November) across both locations and seasons.The evaluated genotypes were sown 30 days after timely sowing to expose the plants to a suitable environment for chocolate spot development, and high temperature during flowering and seed-filling periods.Accordingly, eight field trials were performed at two locations during two seasons at two sowing dates as presented in Table 7. Meteorological data of the tested locations proved by the Egyptian Meteorological Authority are displayed in Table S2.The soil of Bilbeis locations is sandy loam throughout the profile (77.3% sand, 10.7% silt, and 12.1% clay), but Elkhatara is sandy (87.9% sand, 1.6% silt, and 10.6% clay) as presented in Table S3.The experimental design in the eight environments was applied in three replicates using a randomized complete block design.The seeds of the assessed genotypes were sown in plots containing six 4-m long rows with 0.70-m between rows and 0.15 m space between plants.Each hill was planted with four seeds and thinned to two seedlings after full emergence.Phosphorus fertilizer was applied before sowing at a rate of 75 kg P 2 O 5 /ha in the form of calcium superphosphate (15.5% P 2 O 5 ).Potassium was added at a rate of 115 kg K 2 O/ha in two equal doses every two weeks after sowing in the form of potassium sulfate (48% K 2 O).Nitrogen was added once at sowing as a basal dose at a rate of 45 kg N/ha in the form of ammonium sulfate (21% N).

Recorded characters
The highly susceptible genotype for chocolate spot (Giza-40) was cultivated regularly after every three genotypes.Also, the field trials were surrounded by a belt of Giza 40 to act as a spreader.The disease severity of chocolate spot resistance was recorded two times at 85 and 115 days after sowing using the scale (1-9) of Bernier, et al. 48s presented in Table 8.At physiological maturity when more than 85% of the pods and stems turned black and lost their green pigmentation at about 150 days after sowing yield attributes were recorded.Ten plants were randomly collected from each plot to determine number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant.A hundred-seed weight was determined, and the weight of 100-seeds was tested from each plot.Seed yield and aboveground biomass were measured from harvested four middle rows and converted to tons/ha.The assessed genotypes were assessed for tolerance to high temperature under late sowing as exposed to heat stress during the flowering, anthesis, and seed filling compared to timely sowing.Heat stress tolerance indices were determined as follows: stress tolerance index (STI) = (Ys × Yp)/(Ῡp) 2 following Fernandez 49 and Yield index (YI) = (Ys/YP)   7.
as outlined by Gavuzzi, et al. 50.Where Yp is seed yield under normal conditions, Ys is seed yield under stress, Ῡp is the average seed yield of all evaluated genotypes under normal conditions and Ῡs is the average of seed yield under stress conditions.

Statistical analysis
A combined analysis of variance over tested environments was performed to study the magnitude effects of the studied environments, assessed genotypes, and their interaction 51 .The regression coefficient (b i ) and deviation mean square from linear regression (S 2 d ) were calculated according to Eberhart and Russell 52 .Wricke's Ecovalence was estimated according to Wricke 53 , AMMI analysis 54 , and AMMI's stability value (ASV) as disclosed by Purchase 55 .The analyses were performed using the GenStat (version 19).

Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animal performed by any of the authors.

Conclusions
The assessed faba bean genotypes exhibited substantial variations in yield characters, chocolate spot resistance, and heat tolerance implying the presence of genetic variability in the evaluated plant materials.The genotypes Sakha-3, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-5, Misr-3, and Wadi-1 displayed adequate agronomic and quality characters under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter in all tested environments.Triple White displayed the lowest agronomic performance in all tested environments except for number of pods per plant.The genotypes Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Nubaria-5, Sakha-4, Giza-3, and Triple White had better chocolate spot resistance.Otherwise, Giza-843, Misr-3, Sakha-1, Sakha-3 and Wadi-1 displayed low levels of chocolate spot resistance.Nubaria-5, Nubaria-3, Nubaria-4, Sakha-3, Sakha-4, Wadi-1 and Misr-3 were determined as heat tolerant compared to the other genotypes.On the other hand, Triple White, Giza-3, and Giza-843 were sensitive to heat stress.The determined promising faba bean genotypes will be exploited in the faba bean breeding program to enhance its stability and productivity principally under prevailing climatic changes and rising drastic environmental conditions.Highly susceptible with extensive lesions on leaves stems and pods, severe defoliation, heavy sporulation, stem girdling blackening, and death of more than 80% of plants

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Stress tolerance index and yield index for the assessed eleven faba bean genotypes.The bars on the columns correspond to LSD at p ≤ 0.05.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Dendrogram of the phenotypic distances among eleven faba bean genotypes based on yield characters (A), chocolate spot resistance (B), and heat tolerance indices (C) in eight environments.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. AMMI1 biplot for seed yield against first principal component (PC1) scores of the assessed eleven faba bean genotypes in eight environments (E1-E8) which are shown in Table7.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. AMMI2 biplot for seed yield of the assessed eleven faba bean genotypes in eight environments (E1-E8) which are shown in Table7.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. PCA biplot (A) and Heatmap (B) for the evaluated faba bean genotypes based on agronomic performance, quality traits, rust and chocolate spot resistance.

Table 1 .
Analysis of variance for the studied characters of eleven faba bean genotypes tested in two different locations (Bilbeis and Elkhatara) during two seasons in 2020-21 and 2021-22 under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter.NoB/P number of branches/plant, NoP/PN number of pods/plant, 100-SW 100-seed weight (g), SY seed yield (kg/ha), AgB Aboveground biomass (kg/ha), Protein Protein content (%), and Chocolate: Chocolate spot resistance.MS mean square, SS% percentages of sum of squares.*P < 0.05.**P < 0.01.

Table 2 .
Number of branches and pods per plant of the evaluated faba bean genotypes in 8 environments through two locations (Belbeis and Elkhatara) during two seasons in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter.E1-E8 are the tested environments as shown in Table7.

Table 3 .
Seed index and seed yield of the assessed faba bean genotypes in 8 environments through two locations (Belbeis and Elkhatara) during two seasons in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter.

Table 4 .
Aboveground biomass and protein content of the evaluated faba bean genotypes in 8 environments through two locations (Belbeis and Elkhatara) during two seasons in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 under timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter.

Table 5 .
Chocolate spot resistance for evaluated faba bean genotypes tested in two locations (Belbeis and Elkhatara) during two seasons in 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter.

Table 6 .
Stability parameters of eleven faba bean genotypes evaluated in 8 environments containing two locations (Belbeis and Elkhatara) during two seasons (2020-2021 and 2021-2022) and two sowing dates (timely sowing in autumn and late sowing in early winter).

Table 7 .
Description of performed field traits.